一项新研究表明，食用过多超加工食品可能会缩短寿命。
Eating higher levels of ultraprocessed food may shorten lifespans by more than 10%, according to a new, unpublished study of over 500,000 people whom researchers followed for nearly three decades.研究人员对50多万人进行了近30年的跟踪调查，这项尚未发表的新研究结果显示，多吃超加工食品可能会缩短10%以上的寿命。
Asked about their consumption of 124 foods, people in the top 90th percentile of ultraprocessed food consumption said overly processed drinks topped their list.当被问及124种食物的消费量时，超加工食品消费量排名前90%的人表示，过度加工的饮料是他们的首选。
“This is one more large, long-duration cohort study confirming the association between UPF (ultraprocessed food) intake and all-cause mortality, particularly from cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes,” said Carlos Monteiro, emeritus professor of nutrition and public health at Brazil’s University of São Paulo, in an email.巴西圣保罗大学营养与公共卫生名誉教授卡洛斯·蒙泰罗在一封电子邮件中说:“这是一项更大规模、更长期的群体研究，证实了超加工食品摄入与全因死亡率之间的联系，尤其是心血管疾病和2型糖尿病。”
Monteiro coined the term ultraprocessed food and created the NOVA food classification system, which looks beyond nutrients to how foods are made. 蒙泰罗创造了“超加工食品”一词，并创建了NOVA食品分类系统，该系统不仅关注营养成分，还关注食品的制作过程。
The NOVA classification system sorts foods from unprocessed or minimally processed — whole foods such as fruits and vegetables — to ultraprocessed foods such as deli meat and sausage. Ultraprocessed foods contain ingredients “never or rarely used in kitchens, or classes of additives whose function is to make the final product palatable or more appealing,” according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.NOVA分类系统将食物从未加工或最低限度加工的食物（如水果和蔬菜等）到超加工食品（如熟食肉和香肠）进行分类。根据联合国粮食及农业组织的说法，超加工食品含有“从未或很少在厨房中使用的成分，或各种添加剂，其作用是使最终产品更美味或更具吸引力”。
Health risks linked to processed meats and soft drinks加工肉类和软饮料对健康的危害
Researchers linked the dietary data to death rates over the next 20 to 30 years. Compared with those in the bottom 10% of ultraprocessed food consumption, people who ate the most overly processed food were more likely to die from heart disease or diabetes, according to the study. Unlike other studies, however, researchers found no rise in cancer-related death.研究人员将饮食数据与未来20到30年的死亡率联系起来。根据这项研究，与超加工食品消费量最低的10%的人相比，食用过度加工食品的人更有可能死于心脏病或糖尿病。然而，与其他研究不同的是，研究人员发现与癌症有关的死亡人数并没有上升。
Diet drinks are considered ultraprocessed food because they contain artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, acesulfame potassium and stevia, and additional additives not found in whole foods. Diet beverages have been linked to a higher risk of dying early from cardiovascular disease as well as the onset of dementia, type 2 diabetes, obesity, stroke and metabolic syndrome, which can lead to heart disease and diabetes.无糖饮料被认为是超加工食品，因为它们含有人造甜味剂，如阿斯巴甜、安赛蜜钾和甜菊糖，以及天然食品中没有的其他添加剂。它会增加患心血管疾病、痴呆、2型糖尿病、肥胖、中风和代谢综合征的风险，而这些疾病会导致心脏病和糖尿病。
Processed meats such as bacon, hot dogs, sausages, ham, corned beef, jerky and deli meats are also not recommended; studies have linked red and processed meats to bowel and stomach cancers, heart disease, diabetes and early death from any cause.加工肉类，如培根、热狗、香肠、火腿、腌牛肉、肉干和熟食也不建议食用；研究还指出，红肉和加工肉类与肠癌、胃癌、心脏病、糖尿病以及任何原因导致的过早死亡有关。
The study found that people who consumed the most ultraprocessed food were younger and heavier, and had an overall poorer quality of diet than those who ate fewer ultraprocessed foods. However, the increased health risk could not be explained by these differences, because even people with normal weight and better diets were also at some risk for early death from ultraprocessed foods, the study found.研究发现，与那些食用超加工食品较少的人相比，食用超加工食品最多的人更年轻、更胖，而且总体饮食质量更差。然而，这些差异并不能解释健康风险的增加，因为即使是体重正常、饮食较好的人，也有可能因食用超标加工食品而过早死亡。
Ultraprocessed food manufacturing has exploded since the mid-1990s, however, with estimates that as nearly 60% of the average American’s daily calories come from ultraprocessed foods. 然而，自20世纪90年代中期以来，超加工食品的生产呈爆炸式增长，据估计，美国人平均每天摄入的卡路里中有近60%来自超加工食品。
In fact, a study published in May that found similar results — a higher risk of premature death and death from cardiovascular disease in over 100,000 health professionals who ate ultraprocessed foods — accessed ultraprocessed food intake every four years and found consumption doubled between the mid-1980s and 2018.事实上，今年5月发表的一项研究也发现了类似的结果——在超过10万名健康专业人士中，食用超加工产品的人过早死亡和死于心血管疾病的风险更高——这项研究每四年统计一次超加工食品摄入量，发现从20世纪80年代中期到2018年，超加工食品的消费量翻了一番。
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